This much has been known for more than a century, since Ernest Rutherford defined the notion of half-life-the time it takes for half of the atoms in a radioactive sample to transmute into something else. Each type of radioactive isotope, be it plutonium-238 or carbon-14, changes into another isotope or element at a specific, universal, immutable rate. ![]() It’s nuclear physics 101: Radioactivity proceeds at its own pace.
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